It is the anticipation of negative outcome in a given situation due to when the individual considers only the downside rather than the potential benefit.

Plasmacytoma is a tumor arising from plasma cell, which mainly grows within soft tissue or within axial skeleton. When it is present as a discreet solitary mass it is called as solitary plasmacytoma and it is rare. We report a case of 46 years male presented to us with the complaints of painless swelling in the left front parietal region which is about 8.6x6.5cm in diameter .Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) revealed an extra axial mass in fronto parietal region with overlying bone destruction mimicking meningioma with bony erosion. We did fronto parietal craniectomy and complete resection of tumor with bone margin subsequent cranioplasty also done.Histopathology of which revealed plasmacytoma. After that we did urinary bence jones protein which was negative.

The concept of cognitive style has its origins in the movement "New Look" emerging research proposed by Klein and Schlesinger, in an article titled “Where is the perceiver in perceptual theory?” an inappropriate assumption for psychologists of the time claiming the intelligibility and its evidence. Herman Witkin was one of the precursors in the investigation of cognitive styles pondering them as quirky shapes of people to realize and process information.Witkin subsequently reinterpreted the dimension of Field Dependence-Independence as an articulated style versus global, a solid bipolar variable that integrates a measure of the ability of analysis, i.e. the disruption and the structuring of figurative contexts. The concept of increasing articulation applied to the experience of immediate configurative stimuli (perception) can also be applied to the experience that supports symbolic material (thought). Thus, we can conclude that Field Independent individuals are also called "articulated thinking", in relation to intellectual functioning, while the Field Dependent, in this aspect, present global type characteristics. The first (articulated type) excel in the ability and ease in solving problems that require analysis power, isolate critical elements of a given context, linking scattered and isolated elements, recreating new structures. The second or global type individuals, as opposed to first, have less ability to restructure and save the stimulating setting as they have been granted.

The hemangiomas are benign vascular malformations. There are two types of hemangiomas that may affect the central nervous system, the cavernous type and the capillary type. The last is most uncommon and its presentation at spinal epidural space is extremely rare. These lesions usually present with signs and symptoms of myelopathy, radiculopathy or cauda equine syndrome. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the examination of choice and the treatment must be surgical regardless of the presentation of the patient due to the risk of spinal cord compression.

Light is a powerful tool to manipulate matter, but existing approaches often necessitate focused, high-intensity light that limits the manipulated object’s shape, material and size. The breakthrough development could lead to spacecraft without fuel. What if a spacecraft could travel through our solar system powered and accelerated using only light? That’s the goal of new research coming out of Caltech. More federal spending on directed energy weapon research & development has some stakeholders looking for operational systems to deploy in the next two or three years. The weapons which use focused energy in the forms of lasers, microwaves and other methods against targets ranging from drone swarms to ballistic missiles have long drawn the interest of the Department of Defense and its military services but have previously been relegated largely to the arena of the theoretical. They have artificially created a state that evolves in a direction opposite that of the thermodynamic arrow of time. Scientists have reversed the direction of time with a quantum computer.